Masjid al-Haram's Expansion: From Umar's Short Wall to Zamzam-Water Robots

Subsequent dynasties such as the Abbasids and Ottomans continued this pattern of periodic expansions and renovations. The Ottoman sultans, in particular, made notable contributions, including the reconstruction of domes and the use of advanced building techniques for the time. The title “Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques” was officially associated with the Ottoman rulers, emphasizing their responsibility for both Masjid al-Haram and Masjid al-Nabawi in Medina.