Masjid al-Haram's Expansion: From Umar's Short Wall to Zamzam-Water Robots

Umar's efforts were followed by Caliph Uthman ibn Affan, who introduced further improvements. Uthman added covered arcades and marble columns, offering better shelter and aesthetic appeal. These architectural additions served both practical and spiritual purposes by enhancing the worshippers’ experience. During the Umayyad Caliphate, materials such as marble and granite were imported from Egypt and Syria to continue expanding and beautifying the mosque.