Masjid al-Haram's Expansion: From Umar's Short Wall to Zamzam-Water Robots

Technological innovation became a defining feature of the recent expansions. Artificial intelligence systems were integrated into the mosque's infrastructure to monitor crowd density and regulate movement. Surveillance cameras, motion sensors, and real-time analytics are now used to optimize space usage and prevent dangerous overcrowding. In a unique application of modern robotics, smart robots were introduced to distribute Zamzam water and disinfect floors—especially significant during the COVID-19 pandemic.